This study was designed to examine the Level of Polymerization of Sickle Cell Disease and Methaeglobin in the Presence of Paracetamol, the research was carried out using standard procedures. The present study has shown the level of polymerization of sickle cell disease and methaemoglobin in the presence of paracetamol. Within the experimental time of 30-180s, the relative polymerizations range between the following; 70.43 ± 0.87 to 72.10 ± 0.37 at the control (0 mg/dL), at 50 mg/dL, there was an increase from 65.78 ± 0.89 to 69.47±1.00, at 100 mg/dL there was an increase in the polymerization from 68.96 ± 0.99 to 72.33 ±1.02, at 200 mg/dL there was an increase in the polymerization from 65.96 ± 69.26 ± 1.00 and at 500 mg/dL, there was an increase in the polymerization form 66.05 ± 0.98 to 69.42 ± 0.92. This increase in polymerization can be said to be due to the increase in the absorbance of paracetamol. However, the absorbance of the polymerization mixture in the presence of the malarial drug was not significantly different (p<0.05) from the control sample at the 30second. The present study showed that the level of polymerization of HbS molecules was attenuated upon the introduction of the anti-malarial drugs in the polymerizing mixture. The percentage of methaemoglobin increases with the increase in concentration of paracetamol from 2.77 ± 0.05 to 3.30 ± 0.03 starting from 0mg/dL to 500mg/dL concentration.

Quality of groundwater is threatened due to pollution by industrial, domestic and agricultural waste. Survival of human is totally dependent on freshwater. A large number of populations are residing in rural areas which are unable to afford high cost water purifiers due to their low income as well as limited awareness. However, limited availability of fresh water has become a critical issue in developing countries. Around 1.2 billion population is deprived of affordable and safe water for their domestic need. Additionally, chemical coagulants which are nowadays being used for water purification pose severe and numerous health hazards to human. Thus utilization of easily accessible natural coagulant for water purification might offer a sustainable, practical and cost effective solution to the current alarming situation in developing countries. This review summarizes one such miracle tree which has shown significant potential as a natural coagulant in water purification process.

This paper presents finite element analyses of negative skin friction on a single pile embedded in soft clay layer. Negative skin friction is a serious problem that occurs when the soil settles more than the pile. Its main causes are consolidation of soft soil due to surcharge, lowering of the groundwater table and soil reconsolidation after pile driving. In this paper, a two-dimensional axisymmetric model is built in the finite element program, PLAXIS 2D. The model is first verified with a known case history. A parametric analysis is then performed to investigate the influence of various factors on negative skin friction and dragload, including pile length, pile diameter, soil cohesion, lowering the ground water table and applying axial load on the pile head. The results obtained demonstrated that the dragload and negative skin friction become larger with the increasing of pile length and cohesion, whereas the increase in pile diameter decreased negative skin friction. Also, lowering ground water table caused a significant increase in negative skin friction; moreover, it was found that applying axial load gradually on the pile eliminates negative skin friction.

The coronavirus diseases (COVID-19), an ongoing pandemic, have affected individuals on a global scale causing debilitating effects. Just like any other airborne infection, the primary way in which it spreads is through person-to-person contact, which is when we come in direct contact with the infected individual. What started as a cluster of viral pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, has conquered the world impacting most countries badly. We don’t see any improvement and the situation only seems to be worsening given the increasing death toll rates and the number of fresh cases reported every day. This is mainly because there are no antiviral therapeutics available that have the potential to destroy the virus. Antiviral medications are under investigation and coming up with a vaccination against this deadly virus could take time. Until then, the World Health Organization (WHO) has advised individuals to follow basic preventive measures such as frequent washing of hands (using alcohol-based hand rubs or simply even using soap and water), use of protective mouth masks, maintaining social distancing of 1 meter (3 feet) between every two people and practicing good respiratory hygiene to escape from the clutches of COVID-19. The main aim of this paper is to report the effectiveness of alcohol-based hand rubs in combating viruses and safety measures that must be considered while using these alcohol-based hand rubs.

Advanced glycation end products can be formed by combining with molecules such as glucose, protein, lipid, DNA and RNA that can also be taken as exogenous dietary. This new molecule, which is formed by the incorporation of glucose into other chemical molecules, activates many signaling pathways within the cell by binding to its receptors and causes physiopathological changes at the cellular and molecular level. Vascular pathology caused by high blood glucose levels in diabetes is explained by the pathways involving the formation of advanced glycation end products, protein kinase C and hexosamine pathway, leading to polyol pathway causing sorbitol and fructose accumulation. For this purpose, the molecular basis of the pathophysiology and complications of diabetes is important. However, it is aimed to help to develop new treatment methods for newly discovered signaling pathways and receptors and to bring a different perspective to the subject. In this review, information about advanced glycation products and their importance is given in the light of scientific developments. In addition to this, it aims to examine the scientific studies on AGEs and help to develop the molecular basis of the mechanisms that cause the complications of diabetes and develop new treatment methods.

Coronaviruses cause infections in birds and mammals, however, in the last few decades, these viruses can infect humans. In 2003, the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and in 2008 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) has shown the lethality of Coronaviruses when these viruses cross the species barrier and infect the man. An epidemic of novel Coronavirus in province Hubei, of which Wuhan was the epicenter of disease. It linked the number of cases with pneumonia-like symptoms to the seafood market in Wuhan, China. The human epithelial cells were used for the isolation of novel coronavirus that was diagnosed through the use of unbiased Sequencing, later named as nCoV-2019. Based on the information, there was evidence of transmission in humans that occurred because of close contacts since the middle of December 2019. In recent times, infection has been identified in other countries around the world infecting millions of people. This review aims to establish the present knowledge on COVID-19, featuring the recent progress that has been generated and correlating it to past knowledge. The most progress has been made on COVID-19, emphasizing specific structural requirements for its functions in the nCOV-19 life cycle and the mechanism behind its pathogenesis.

Due to the extensive product variety of the online gaming industry, gamers have the chance to live different kinds of experiences. Multiplayer games as an outstanding representative of this industry provide a social environment to their consumers, in which a collaborative and sharing atmosphere is experienced. This study aims to test whether social constructs occurred in social environments in the digital world enhance positive WOM in multiplayer games. To gain empirical results, 342 people were surveyed online. The data gathered from collected surveys were analysed through structural equation modelling. The results show that social interaction is positively related both to social identity and prosocial behavior, social identity positively affects both prosocial behavior and WOM, prosocial behaviour exerts a positive influence on WOM. Besides, social identity mediates the relationship between social interaction and prosocial behaviour, and prosocial behaviour mediates the relationship between social identity and WOM.

In this paper, piecewise analytic method (PAM) is used for solving highly nonlinear $2^{nd}$ order differential equation (pendulum equations) which is a big problem for engineers and scientists. PAM is used for showing the nonlinear dynamics of the solution with and without linearizion. The error and accuracy of the solution are controlled easily according to our needs.

In spite of Runge-Kutta method is the most used by scientists and engineers, it is not the most powerful method. In this paper, a comparative study between Piecewise Analytic Method (PAM) and Runge-Kutta Methods is introduced. The result of comparative study shows that PAM is more powerful and gives results better than Runge-Kutta methods. PAM can be considered as a new step in the evolution of solving nonlinear differential equations.

In the dynamic and diverse world of knowledge society, organisations are forced to analyse and assess their activities and address issues related to employee knowledge and its evaluation. The evaluation of employee knowledge could benefit from multicriteria evaluation methods, such as SAW, AHP, MOORA and VIKOR. They help to evaluate employee knowledge in an objective and accurate manner within the shortest time possible, while analysis of the results allows making the best decisions regarding the use of staff potential. The article deals with the issue of employee knowledge evaluation. It presents an employee knowledge evaluation methodology, evaluates employee knowledge using multicriteria methods SAW and AHP, and provides recommendations for efficient personnel management in the organisations analysed.

Abstract\nBackground\nPreschool sex education can prevent sexual abuse and promote the sexual health and well-being in children. Mothers have vital role in this regard. This study was conducted to develop and psychometrically evaluate an instrument for assessing mothers’ sexual education ability.\nMethods\nThe study included two phases: qualitative and quantitative. In qualitative phase, a sample of mothers who had a child aged 3-5 years old in nursery schools was interviewed in order to generate an items pool. Then preliminary questionnaire was provided. Consequently, content and face validity were assessed. Finally, a qualitative study was conducted and sample of women completed the questionnaire to explore the factor structure of the instrument. Reliability (internal consistency and stability), was also evaluated using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient.\nResults\nA 51-items questionnaire was developed during the qualitative phase. After content and face validity, the items were decreased to 44. The results obtained from explanatory factor analysis indicated a five-factor solution accounted for 87.5% variance . The Cronbach\'s alpha for 5 factors ranged from 0.68 to 0.96 and the stability of the questionnaire varied from 0.80 to 0.82. During the confirmatory factor analyses overall 14 items were removed and the final instruments consisted of 30 items. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit to the data\nConclusion\nThe findings suggest that the Mothers\' Sex Education Ability Questionnaire is a valid and reliable questionnaire. It is simple and easily scored and compromises significant concept for assessing mother’s sexual education ability.

Patients suffering from a type I respiratory failure admitted to the hospital for respiratoryailments are to be diagnosed by the physician for identification of dramatic pulmonary changes for the possible long-term consequences of COVID-19 pneumonia. In corona infected patients develop a formulate treatment entitled as ‘RESPOSCOPY’ to ease out this situation and increased the life expectancy of the patients. In order to observe distraction and effect of blood pressure and to reduce BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) for accessory muscles, respiratory position, chest structure, respiratory pattern for the chest cavity treatment. There are no proper methods of electronic tools to identify the pathology and physiology of COVID19 patients who undergo acute respiratory issues. Hence there should be a screening method for identifying acute to moderate breathing disorder for patients which can cause a significant rise in pulmonary failure like a COVID19 disorder. The method proposed by us is called as auscultation that is used to transport an electronic stethoscope in the lungs without causing medical infection. Identification of changes associated with Tracheal, bronchial, bronchoalveolar and alveolar breath sounds to identify the accumulation of fluid in the lungs (consolidation) characteristic of pneumonia. This proposed prototype model is low cost and aims to identify the voice frequency characteristics using principle of auscultatory percussion appropriate for general use and in areas with limited medical infrastructure. The sensor circuit can be modeled and the output of the artificial breathing pattern can be designed in electronic design software and the simulation results have been obtained. In this paper we analyze the different electronic sensor probes which can be used as a breathing pattern analysis in area of simulation and design.

Commemoration days are used to construct and perpetuate national identity and to create an imagined community united around a set of historical constructs about its past. These days are also one of the oldest known forms to humans to mythologize its past and to use it to produce and reproduce national identity through national memories. The modern states through their national calendar and the elaborate ritualistic celebrations of national commemorative days produce an incontestable but fragile ‘official narrative’ of nation and nationhood. The celebrations are also adulterated by the ruling elite to achieve their political, social, religious and economic ends as they present past, present and future in a commemorative narrative package. This study analyzed Urdu and English textbooks used in the state schools and examined the texts written about the celebrations of national holidays, religious and political using narrative analysis to unearth how Pakistan as a state through its textbook regime is constructing and promoting a certain notion of national identity and nationhood which are centered around Islam and Islamic history and its glorious past. The commemorative narratives also created ‘us,’ the Muslim ummah or the Muslim world and ‘them,’ non-Muslims and India. This study suggests to textbook regime in Pakistan to make the commemorative narratives inclusive and representative of multicultural, multi-ethnic multi-religious Pakistan, reflective of the globalized fast becoming multicultural, multi-ethnic multi-religious.