Defining new genetic markers to understand the population structure and genetic basis of cattle breeds, increase production and improve yield quality is of great importance in the field of modern breeding technology. DNA samples belonging to 65 heads of the Simmental breed were used to determine new molecular marker polymorphisms on the IGFALS (Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein, Acid Labile Subunit) gene, which affects yield traits, growth, and milk production in the Simmental breed of cattle. Sequence analysis was performed on 20 samples randomly selected from PCR products of different base sizes. As a result of the analysis, g.1368491 A/G polymorphism was detected for the 492 bp long gene region, including the 1st exon region of the IGFALS gene. g.1369854 -/G insertion was detected on the 463 bp long 2nd exon region.

This study aims to investigate the polymorphism of Diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (DGAT1) gene locus in Morkaraman (105) and Tushin (65) lambs raised at Atatürk University Food and Livestock Application and Research Centre Farm and to determine the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies of lambs in terms of related genes. DGAT1/Alu1 gene polymorphism was defined by using the PCR-RFLP method in the DNAs isolated from hair samples taken from Morkaraman and Tushin lambs used in this study. PCR- RFLP products were run in an electrophoresis medium and the results were visualized as bands in an ultraviolet (UV) device. In the study, distributions of the genotype and allele gene frequency of the population were calculated and it was tested whether the populations complied with the Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium test. According to the Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium test, it was observed that the distribution of genotype frequencies was in balance (P>0,05) in the population studied. DGAT1 genotypes were determined using the PCR-RFLP method from hair samples taken from both sheep breeds. When the population was examined in terms of allele frequencies, it was defined that the C allele and the T allele were 0.72% and 0.28% for the Morkaraman, and 0.71% and 0.29% for Tushin, respectively. The CC, CT, and TT genotype frequencies of the DGAT1 gene in the population were found to be 52.4%, 39.0%, and 8.6% for the Morkaraman and 50.8%, 40.0%, and 9.2% for the Tushin, respectively. It has been defined the genotype and allele frequencies determined in terms of DGAT1 gene polymorphism may be found to be sufficient to reveal the genotype diversity of this breed.

This study was carried out in 114 Brown Swiss cattle reared in the Experimental Station of Agriculture in Ataturk University and in a private cattle farm found in Erzurum. In the study, genotypic structures were examined in terms of IGF-II gene locus, and the distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies of the cattle in relation to the genes were determined. The identified IGF II genotypes which were were associated with some milk yield traits such as actual milk yield, 305 day milk yield, lactation period and daily milk yield. IGF-II genotypes were determined by using PCR-RFLP method from blood samples taken from the cattle. The CC, CT and TT genotype frequencies of the IGF-II gene found in the population were 41 (34%), 65 (54%) and 14 (12%) respectively and the frequency of the C allele and the T allele was found to be 0.61 and to be 0.39 respectively. The general averages of actual true milk yield, 305 day milk yield, lactation time and daily milk yield of CC, CT and TT genotypes were 4168, 5420 and 19.1 kg; 3756, 4898 and 17.2 kg; 5382, 5632 and 19.2 kg, respectively. As a result, correctly identified IGF-II genotypes were detected by using the PCR-RFLP method in the samples obtained from Brown Swiss cattle. Genotype and allele frequencies determined for IGF-II gene polymorphism can be considered sufficient to demonstrate the genotype diversity of the race. According to the statistical analysis results, on the milk yield characteristics studied, while the effect of genotype were nonsignificant, the effect of genotype x age interaction were highly significant (P <0.05).

Fagonia (indica) plant is widely distributed in Pakistan and used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various disorders. The present study was designed to assess the hepatoprotective role of aqueous extract of Fagonia in broiler chicks. This extract was studied for their hepatoprotective activity against induced acetaminophen as hepatotoxicant in broilers. A total of one hundred and eighty (180) broiler chicks were placed into six treatments. Each treatment was replicated thrice with ten birds per replicate. The grouping protocols based on treatment as follows. T0 and T1 serve as negative control and positive control, while T2, T3, T4, T5 with aqueous extract of Fagonia indica @ of 0.5, 01, 1.5, and 2ml respectively. All the experimental groups orally challenged for hepatotoxicity through acetaminophen at the dose rate of 750 mg/ kg BW except negative control group. The induced hepatotoxic agent acetaminophen was administered at the day 19 of the experiment. The water based extract of Fagonia indica was administered in drinking water from day 8th to till experimental period. The therapeutic activity of water based extract of Fagonia was assessed through measuring the zoo technical parameters of broiler chicks and histopathological examination and LFTs were carried out for any architectural changes in hepatic tissue. In results the performance parameters is that feed intake, body weight gain and FCR was significantly improved by the treatment groups T5 (2ml). Mortality percentage was significantly reduced in group of the birds that received 2ml of Fagonia extract. Liver biomarkers were significantly normalized (ALP= 93.06, ALT= 1.20, and AST= 198.47 U/I) in T5 group of treatment as compared to other treatment groups. Severe hepatic injury was recorded in group T1 and mild in T2 and T3 groups and normal in T5 group which shows normal architectural study that indicate hepatic regenerative process. In conclusion the aqueous extract of Fagonia indica significantly improve zootechnical parameters, liver biomarkers and regenerative process of liver in induced hepatotoxicity in broiler chicks.

In the current scenario of poultry production, microbial resistance towards the synthetic drugs (antibiotics) is one of the major constrain. Due to cross resistance development, antibiotics/microbicide have been banned and search for new therapeutics (alternative to antibiotics) plans gains significance consideration to promote and developed microbial resistance free safe meat and eggs. Base on above facts, the current study was designed to investigate antibacterial efficacy of extracted hydroxamic acid from Azam maize roots powder. The methanolic extract was prepared form dried Azam maize roots, which are dried under different methods (sun dried, freeze dried and oven dried). The methanolic extract of Azam maize root was tested for presences/availability of hydroxamic acid as antibacterial agent through in-vitro and in-vivo test in locally isolated E. coli strain infected broiler chicks. In-vitro study, the availability of hydroxamic acid was carried out against the locally isolated E. coli strain through broth dilution procedure/technique and MIC were recorded. While in-vivo test, the birds were randomly alienated in to 7 different groups having 3 replicates. The grouping protocol was as follows, sun dried roots powder-1000mg/kg, oven dried roots powder-1000mg/kg, freeze dried roots powder-1000mg/kg, BX negative control dried roots powder-1000mg/kg, control positive group, enrofloxacin group (5 mg/kg) and control negative group. After two weeks adaptation period, the birds were inoculated with locally isolated E. coli strain at dose rate of 1x107 CFU to the treatment groups except the negative control. After inoculation, the prevalence of hydroxamic acid as antibacterial agent in different methanolic extract was administrated at the dose rate of 1000 mg/Kg to each treatment group. Zootechnical and blood by chemistry parameters were assessed after post infection phase in broiler chicks. In the results, in in-vitro test, methanolic extract of maize root dried under different methods showed significance reduction in microbial optical density (OD) at highest concentration (11.66 mg). In-vivo test, the antibacterial efficiency of methanolic root extract showed significant alteration as compared to control and standard groups. Feed intake (518 mg), body weight (373 mg) gain and FCR (1.38) were significantly improved in methanolic extract of freeze dried roots at post-infection phase. Mortality index (percent) showed significant reduction in freeze dried methanolic extract of maize roots as compared to other treatment groups. Blood biochemistry parameters indicated that freeze dried Azam maize roots have significant effects on mean HB, PCV, RBCs and WBCs levels. Antioxidant effects of methanolic extract of Azam maize roots were assessed through measuring liver and kidney function test and found that freeze dried maize roots have more potential antioxidant effects as compared to other methanolic extracts and positive control group. Histopathological examination of liver, kidney and intestine tissues in infected birds showed significant different architectural structures. The methanolic 2 extract of dried maize roots showed normal sectional architectural study as compared to other treatment groups. Based on the above facts of the present research project, it is concluded that Azam maize root having some antimicrobial agent (Hydroxamic acid), which causes significant reduction in locally isolated E. coli strain infection in broiler chicks.

Narrative Analysis, a qualitative research approach which gives tremendous initiative appeal to “re-story” the breastfeeding experience of the woman –the essence of womanhood was employed and 12 mothers in the year 2024-25 were purposively selected. Analytical procedures like data reduction, coding, and thematic development were employed by repeated readings of the transcript. Results revealed that the support of the husband, family, and health personnel were the promoters and cultural beliefs, responsibilities of mothers, illness in infants, and mothers were barriers to breastfeeding. The feeling that breastfeeding is the essence of motherhood was universal among mothers. Exclusively breastfed mothers perceived that their children had normal development while complementary and never breastfed mothers perceived the delay in the development of their children.