T he coffee residue powder was used as raw material, Opticell (a kind of feed additive widely used in the market) was used as control, the feasibility of coffee residue became a substi tution of Opticell to provide the required fiber for pigs was analyzed. High performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and enzymes weight method were used to determine the total dietary fiber content, and the optimum extraction technology of coffee residue d ietary fiber and the compound ratio as a substitute were investigated . Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT IR) was used to analyze the main functional groups. X ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to calculate the crystallinity. Scanning electron m icroscope (SEM) was utilized to analyze the morphological structures. The result showed that the content of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) in Opticell and coffee residue were 59% and 58%, and the content of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) were 21.56% and 15.91% 15.91%, respectively. The substitution of Opticell was obtained by mixing SDF and IDF of coffee residue at a ratio of 1:3.5. The FT IR analysis result showed that the substitution and Opticell had similar characteristic functional groups, the substitution had mo re hydrophilic group OH, therefore the water adsorption was stronger. XRD an a lysis showed that the crystallinity of substitution was 41.6, less than which of original coffee residue 50 and Opticell 67.7, swelling effect was the best. SDF an a lysis result s howed that the substitution was loose and slender, the specific surface area was large, had strong adsorption ability for secreted active substances.

Decline in irrigation water has widely been recognized as a drawback to vegetable production. A two-years study was conducted to assess mulch effects on irrigated tomato yield. Tomato (Roma variety) was grown using daily irrigation (IFdaily), irrigation at 3-days interval (IF3) and irrigation at 5-days interval (IF5) at 100% field capacity under five rates of Pennisetum purpureum (Pp) mulch [No mulch control (Pp0), 1 t ha-1 (Pp1), 2 t ha-1 (Pp2), 3 t ha-1 (Pp3) and 4 t ha-1 (Pp4)] in a completely randomised design. Tomato yield was higher in IFdaily than IF3 (by 53.6% and 26.6%) and IF5 (by 86.2% and 65.0%) in years 1 and 2, respectively. Among mulch rates, Pp4 and Pp3 increased fresh fruit weight by 107.5% and 99.9% relative to Pp0, respectively., while Pp2, Pp1 and were similar in year 1. In year 2, yield increase was in the order: Pp4 (215.3%) > Pp3 (125.2%) > Pp2 (104.2%) > Pp1 (84.1%). Pennisetum purpureum mulch had positive significant effects [(R2 = 0.99; p < 0.01) IFdaily; (R2 = 0.93; p < 0.01) IF3; and (R2 = 0.25; p < 0.05) IF5] on irrigated tomato yield, but was substantially limited under 5-days irrigation interval.

In this study, internal and surface temperatures of the commercial Zerdine phantom used as reference material\nin the ultrasonic imaging processes and its optical properties such as absorbance, transmittance, reflectance, refractive index,\nand optical attenuation coefficient were investigated by using a low-level laser with having 635 nm wavelength. Internal and\nthe said optical properties were measured successfully. However, due to the transparent color nature of the Zerdine phantom,\nsignificant temperature increases could not be detected at the surface of the phantom. Therefore, the phantom material was\ncolored at different concentrations with a color tone close to human skin, and thus surface temperatures were measured in this\nway. However, it was determined that surface temperature values did not increase too much with increasing color\nconcentration. Therefore, it has been concluded that the use of Zerdine phantom as an ideal background reference material in\noptical imaging studies makes it advantageous because of its transparent color nature and low optical absorbance value.

Any history of science has its own geography too. Geographers of science have tried to put science in its place. They study the socio-spatial settings in which scientific knowledge was generated, displayed and legitimated. For them, science is socially constructed in spatialities and temporalities. The main question in this paper is “how” spatialities are constructing scientific knowledge via its “causalities”. Geography is not just about special places, locations, and regions in which scientific knowledge is unequally produced/consumed and circulated or how the use of scientific knowledge can lead to the production and reproduction of unique places and spaces. Geography is also about a variety set of spatial causalities through which scientific knowledge can be formed and transformed. This also means that the innovative knowledge or ideas development takes place not only in the spatial contexts but because of the spatial causalities which rise from the myriad interlinkages and interdependencies among places. These imperatives of spatial significance operate across many spatial scales from the body to the global. Hence, in our increasingly glocalized world, we must seek knowledge in spatial encounters and betweenness of places, not merely within spaces and places.

Background & Objective: Most pregnant women experience a degree of anxiety before and after cesarean. Anxiety can have unfavorable complications for the mother and the baby. Given the probable relationship of social support with the amount of anxiety, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between perceived social support and anxiety before and after cesarean in the pregnant women referring to Besat Hospital in Sanandaj in 2018.\nMaterials and methods: This study was a descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional study performed on 180 pregnant women under selective cesarean section surgery in 2018. Using the available sampling method, pregnant women referring to Besat Hospital in Sanandaj were selected with the criteria to enter the study. The data collection method in this study was a two-part questionnaire of demographic and midwifery information, perceived social support questionnaire and Dass 21 anxiety questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16, descriptive statistics, and the Pearson correlation test.\n\nResult: Results indicated that the degree of the overall rate of anxiety before cesarean was 58.9% and in the post operation stage 19.5% respectively. In addition, there was a negative significant difference between social support and anxiety before the operation (p<0.05, r= -0.633), and anxiety after cesarean (P<0.05, r= -0.476).\nConclusion: The results of the study showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between perceived social support and anxiety before and after cesarean section. Hence it is advised that interventions be designed to identify and promote the level of social support in the pregnant women enrolled for Cesarean.

Background: Clinical studies have reported improved neurological outcomes in patients who were taking vitamin D supplements. This study investigates the effect of intramuscular vitamin D supplementation in patients with acute ischemic stroke on neurological outcomes and inflammatory marker levels.\nMethods: This study included patients diagnosed with Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) (N=60) from the neurology unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital during the year 2019. Patients with AIS were allocated randomly into two groups who received a single dose of 300000 IU intramuscular vitamin D and a control group that did not receive vitamin D supplementation. Serum vitamin D concentration, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, as primary outcomes, and the Modified Ranking Scale (MRS), the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), as secondary outcomes, were measured at the baseline and the end of the study (6 weeks).\nResults: Eventually, 59 patients with AIS completed the intervention study. A single dose of 300000 IU increased vitamin D level; moreover, vitamin D supplementation improved MRS and IL-6 levels significantly (p=0.01, p=0.02 respectively). There were reverse correlations between serum vitamin D and NIHSS and TNF-α after vitamin D administration. However, no statistically significant effect of vitamin D on the TNF-α or NIHSS and MMSE was seen compared to the control group.

The present research work is important in scenario of energy crises. The aim of this study was to utilize the low grade apples for the production of ethanol which in turn could be used for various purposes. From this study, it is clear that the maximum production of ethanol could be obtained from the apple. In this research maximum ethanol was obtained from low evaluations apples gathered from nearby markets around Lahore. S. cervicieae strain was used for the maximum conversion of sugar contents of apples into ethanol. Various parameters were optimized to get the maximum ethanol production which can be enhanced by further studies and could be beneficial candidate for various applications.

Abstract\nObjectives. — This study investigated the influence of 8-week β-Hydroxy-β-Methyl butyrate (HMB) supplementation combined with a dual pyramid resistance exercise program on strength, muscle and liver-damage indices (ALT, AST, CK and LDH) and body mass index (BMI) in beginner bodybuilders. \nMethods. — A total of 40 beginner bodybuilders was randomized to an intervention group (resistance training + HMB supplementation) and a control group (resistance training + placebo) for 8 weeks. Blood samples and body measurements were taken at baseline and after the end of the intervention. The subjects were evaluated for BMI, 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and leg press prior to and after training intervention. In addition, blood samples were obtained before and after 8-week resistance training to evaluate creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase [1] responses.\nResults. — After 8 weeks of HMB ingestion, serum levels of CK (p<0.001), LDH (p<0.014), and ALT (p<0.009) of participants in the experimental group significantly decreased compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, The HMB group showed greater gains compared with the placebo group in 1RM leg and bench press (p<0.001). Regarding BMI and AST serum levels, there were no significant differences between groups.\nConclusion. —It can be concluded that HMB supplementation may attenuate the resistance exercise-induced muscle and liver damage indices and have beneficial effects on muscle strength.